Spatiotemporal Changes in the Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services in the Kaidu-Kongque River Basin, China

The assessment of ecosystem service (ES) supply and demand is crucial for the sustainable development dryland drainage basins. natural ecosystems in Kaidu-Kongque River Basin have experienced severe ecological degradation recent years, ES were contradicted due to water scarcity excessive utilization. In this paper, supply–demand five key services evaluated, their spatial matching was also analyzed provide total insights. assessed food supply, yield, carbon sequestration, habitat quality, windbreak sand fixation. We utilized various models, including InVEST, RWEQ, GeoDa, quantify analyze temporal patterns between 1990 2020. Our findings indicate that all basin increased over last 30 years. However, distribution each not completely consistent. Except fixation, where exceeds demand, there a mismatch service. Furthermore, we observed positive synergistic correlation service, with yield being dominant limiting factor. dominated by “low supply—low demand”, “high supply—high demand” matching, mismatch, which could explain variation from upstream downstream. Based on our findings, recommend policies recommendations conservation Basin. will become more reliable increasing supplies middle lower reaches basin. results illumination maintenance sustainability arid regions.